![]() This study aimed to describe morphological, structural, and ultrastructural changes in the tongue mucosa and musculature of mdx mice. The mdx mouse is an experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscular degeneration which affects the oral cavity musculature, and promotes difficulty in swallowing. This was the first description of the tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy. However, the presence of robust filiform papillary lines and laterally placed fungiform papillae showed the main differences from other species. The tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy was structurally and ultrastructurally similar to other rodents and had papillae with similar morphologies to other Caviidae species. The epithelium was organized into layers, including keratinized, granulous, spinous, and basal, below were lamina propria, and musculature, which evolved mucous and serous gland clusters. ![]() There were different types of papillae, such as vallate, foliate, laterally placed fungiform, fungiform, filiform, and robust filiform. The results showed that the tongue was divided into apex, body, and root. Tongues of Spix's yellow-toothed cavies were analyzed with light microscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. This work aimed to describe the morphological and ultrastructural aspects of the tongue of Spix's yellow-toothed cavy ( Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831). Rodents are a very diverse mammalian order and the tongue's morphology varies in size, form, and presence of papillae. It is characterized by evolutionary adaptations reflected by diet, habitat, and function. The tongue is a fundamental organ in feeding, vocalization, and grooming.
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